Bang For Your Buck Binoculars

policy

The minimum wage

The legal minimum wage to the workers, the sellers of their labor guarantee a minimum income with which they can perform without additional state aid of which a decent life. A relative with a surplus of labor possible wage dumping could thus be prevented, argue the proponents of a minimum wage . Unreasonably low wages, which are no longer enough to live in Germany, unfortunately, not mere theory. Especially in the classic low-wage sector, but not only there, one hears again and again by almost immoral looking wages. In Germany, wages are paid in 670 occupations of less than six euros per hour. The findings of a Overview of the Federal Economics Ministry show that was created at the request of the CDU / CSU parliamentary group. The nation's lowest hourly rate is paid accordingly in Saxony:
unskilled workers in horticulture have all the 2.74 euros per hour. Cut into Thuringia hairdressers to their customers for an hourly wage of 3.18 € hair. Guards in Saxony-Anhalt work for € 3.91 per hour, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern at night for four euros and in Schleswig-Holstein for just 4.74 €.





can create a minimum wage as remedial, or does it only leads to greater unemployment, as the opponents of a minimum wage of CDU / CSU, FDP and the employers' association will always claim?
On a free labor market wages, so the price just like every other free market, but by the free interplay of supply (A A) and demand (A N ) regulated. The resulting equilibrium price of labor is the wage (Wr 0).


If the minimum wage below the equilibrium price, it remains ineffective. If he did it, so is less labor-power (A1) demand is offered as (A3). The result: The result is an excess supply of labor (path A1-A3), which is nothing other means than unemployment. The case seems clear. Minimum wage help the affected workers not as desired, because once they are above the market equilibrium therefore, the wage level who is worthy of the job market anyway, they merely cause higher unemployment and thus harm only.
But the labor market has a special feature which distinguishes it fundamentally from other markets. The workers are selling their labor force rely for their existence, as they very often have no real alternative, such as the path to independence, but this requires sufficient capital, it is often precisely what is lacking. These alternatives has serious consequences for the workers employed by falling wages (market prices), not withdraw from the market, do not reduce their labor supply also. What would they live? At wages that are approaching the poverty or fall even lower, the affected workers forced their labor supply to increase even so it is enough to live by seeking to about several different work or extra work (overtime) pay no wages.


It follows a special course of the labor supply curve (A A). In addition to the regular wage ( Wr 3), providing further equilibrium prices, lower wages ( Wr Wr 2 and 1 correspond). In particular, the wage Wr 1 is at an extremely low level, well below the subsistence level. The introduction of minimum wages M1 or M2, for example, a market equilibrium in the higher wages Wr Wr 2 or 3 can be achieved without the risk of unemployment . Only when a minimum wage above the market equilibrium M3 in
Wr 3 would oversupply of labor and thus caused unemployment.
of completeness sake it should be mentioned: The curve also contains an equilibrium price, which increased wage (Wr 4), applies. This stems from the fact that the willingness to work, at a certain wage level, which here is just above M3, may decrease again. The income is then ready so high that additional work does not simply worth more.
The minimum wage seems to me that is probably yet to be a very good idea to fundamental structural disadvantages of the workers in the labor market to compensate, especially if unions are weak and not impose a reasonable rate contracts.



An alternative the statutory minimum wage would http://www.cesifo-group.de/portal/page/portal/ifoContent/N/publ/Zeitschriften/zs-sd/zs-sd-abstracts-container/IFO_SCHNELLDIENST_2006/ifosd_02_2006_kombilohn a combined wage model (. pdf ) or better yet, a negative income tax ( http://www.archiv-grundeinkommen.de/friedman/kap12.htm ), as proposed by Milton Friedman in his book "Capitalism and Freedom".


Milton Friedman ( Wikipedia )

thereby secure a minimum income would also workers save it from unleashing its work force at lower wages than any humanly acceptable amount. The social assistance under a welfare State, the effect of a minimum wage. However, it is often tied to degrading conditions. The individual shall be such as practically forced to accept any job, or face a reduction or social assistance. Due to the lack of opportunity for a job also once refused if it appears unreasonable, the employee is in fact not free. In the case of Germany under the Hartz IV - Legislation introduced one-euro jobs "that is particularly clear. The similarity of these "working conditions" for example, to debt slavery of the ancient world ( http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei ) is probably not accidental. Then, too, so not all slaves were treated very bad necessarily, but could not yet determine their own lives, they were just slaves. Meanwhile, in Germany, even on the introduction of modern "slave markets" thinking public ( http://www.focus.de/jobs/meistbietend_nid_24938.html ). Unfortunately, no joke but a sad reality.

Jens Christian Heuer


Sources:
Wikipedia
( http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindestlohn ), ( http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_Einkommensteuer )
Manager Magazin
( http://www.manager-magazin.de/geld/ . artikel / html 0,2828,352170,00 )
minimum wage initiative ( http://www.mindestlohn.de/ )
minimum wage Weblog ( http: / / blog.mindestlohn.de / )
BWL-Bote ( http://www.bwl-bote.de/20050410.htm )

Varicose Veins In Bum During Pregnancy

commentary

auto fuel from corn bread - a mistake!
pushes a repressed truth of the CO2-delusion

The climate hysteria grotesque flowers: more new taxes, air-ID requirement for buildings and cars, inheritance tax on the apartment door insulation, the chimney sweep to the moisture content of our fireplace Check logs ... and no end. Powered by a research that predicts the air disaster in monstrous dimensions reaches in a regulatory policy to constantly furious new activism - nothing seems impossible anymore. The recently discussed "Nash-tax" to limit of obesity has indeed (as an exception) do with the CO2-climate to do, but it shows what we can all still to come.

Moved to common theory of anthropogenic CO2 emissions to the air disaster. The hypothesis for an emission reduction can only save the human race. One of the strategies to run is to minimize the production and combustion of alternative fuels, the CO2 release.
has been multiplied in recent years the processing of staple food to car fuel. In Europe in 2005 produced four million tons of fuel (biodiesel, ethanol) from grain, sugar plants and renewable resources (1). The United States - especially from Europe and EU driven nonstop to "better climate-protection policy" - are now responding in a short time, 115 ethanol refineries into operation, 86 more are under construction (2). 2006 to 5.7 billion gallons (about 22 billion liters) were produced biofuel (2). The U.S. verspritten mainly maize.

corn plant (Wikipedia)

And the problems followed on the heels of: Because the U.S., the world is the biggest maize producer and exporter (2 / 3 of world exports (1 )), occurred within one year (2006) to a slump in exports and a price explosion on the world market.
The result: The price of one ton of corn rose in Mexico during the same period from 100 to 250 € (3), tortilla prices in Mexico City from 40 to 75 cents (2), many Mexicans could and can their daily pay for bread no more, tons of closed that's Tortilleria. Corn in the tank instead of on the plate - the CO2-delusion makes it possible.

corn price explosion (graphics from FTD, (2))

In Mexico, it came to public protests and civil unrest (2) (3). Consumption of tortillas is already fallen by one third (3): "Of the 40 million poor Mexicans were the daily consumption by up to one kilogram, but can not afford any more ... For Mexico this is a perverse development ...".

Tortilleria Mexico ( http://www.cardenasmarkets.com/ )

are equally serious problems now in Brazil, Nigeria, Egypt ... and at least a dozen other countries (1)

is now the world just about everything processed into fuel, which is edible.:
corn, wheat, Barley, rice, soybeans, cassava, sugar cane ... Upward trend in diversity and composition. The basic food commodities as diesel has become the stock exchange speculation object, 2006, world prices for maize increased by 100%, wheat by 20% (1).
This price gouging goes on alert: So the EU wants to increase the share of biofuels by 2020 at least 10 percent of its total needs for fuel (2).

All this against the background that, 800 million people of the world from hunger and malnutrition (WHO), macabre features.
because it is already apparent, "... that in the near future, not enough grain for human consumption available. must The stage is set for the conflict between the 800 million car owners and the world's 2 billion poorest people who survive only want "(1).

For the 120-liter tank of an SUV a corn-quantity versprittet from which a man eat a whole year can be. If the tank is filled only every two weeks, it could by that was spent on basic food items 26 people live a year (1)!
"You can not 'have tens of millions of people around the world the hungry every day, while Europe and the United States use food to fill the car tank "(Victor Suarez, Mexican Farmers' association ANEC, quote from (3)).

This problem exists and is available every day - but where are the protests of the self-appointed protector and air-gooders? Where are the objections of the Christian churches that get involved in so many other political matter? Where are all the usually loud voices' of the Greens, the Left and the other protagonists of the poor and disenfranchised? There is "silence in the forest" - paralyzing silence shamed? How long? How many children still have to starve in addition?

Is not it - to reconsider the time, the CO2-delusion - for this reason? Before the heat death of several hundreds of unproven Climate catastrophe die starving, probably hundreds of thousands, because we pervert bread-grain to fuel.

Klaus-Eckart pulse, Bad Bederkesa

born in 1939, school and high school in Mecklenburg; 1960 study of natural sciences in Rostock and Westberlin.1968 degree in Meteorology at the Free University of Berlin, where 1969/70 Researcher with the research focus of atmospheric ozone. From 1970, the German Weather Service :1971-1978 Seewetteramt Hamburg (Focus on: Marine Meteorological Services, ship route guidance service in 1975 as leader of the group cruises Laderaum-/Schiffsraum-Meteorologie.10 Bordmeteorologe on fisheries protection boats, research vessels and Handelsschiffen.1976-1978 Participation in the Standards Committee Technoklimate "(DIN 50 019) .1978-1984 head of the agricultural meteorological consulting and research agency Bonn.Aufbau a time-critical advisory system with the Chambers of Agriculture: Regional phone prompts, screen text, weekly reports, teaching in the subject" Agricultural Meteorology at the University of Bonn.1983 co-founder of the German Foundation Pollen Information Service, 10 years Board Mitglied.1984 2000: Head of the Weather Bureau Essen.Nach German reunification in addition (1990-91) Development and management of the Weather Bureau Leipzig.Seit 1966 on 150 scientific and popular and scientific publications on: weather, climate, ozone, shipping space meteorology, agricultural meteorology, Pollen / Allergy, history of science, history, calendar ...

Sources:
(1) Lester Brown, fuel for the world, in: Der Spiegel, Special 1 / 2007, p. 68;
(2) Ethanol is driving agricultural prices, FTD, 07.05.2007;
(3) Mexico - the tortilla crisis, ARD / SWR, World Mirror, 11.03.2007,
( http://www.daserste.de/print.asp?url=http://www.daserste.de/weltspiegel/ beitrag.asp ?)

give guest reviews only the personal views of the authors and are not necessarily
for Positions of the blog "The Unsichtbre hand"!

Sick And Spots On Tongue

market failure

The Eisverkäuferproblem
-a case of principal failure of the invisible hand?

The Eisverkäuferproblem comes from game theory and describes the strategies of two
sellers in a free market. There should be an example of the failure of the free market, that is the unfettered operation of the invisible hand. Is that really so?


The problem

Imagine a beautiful sandy beach with many beach chairs evenly distributed. It was high season and all the beach chairs occupied
The beach is 2 km long and 100m wide, bounded on the north by the blue sea and the south by a promenade.
On the beach there are two ice cream vendors with ice cream cart, which, because of their relatively high weight only on the promenade, but can move through the sand.


with ice cream cart ice cream vendors ( Playmobil brochure)

offer two kinds of ice cream on the same ice cream vendor at the same prices. As an instrument of competition so that remains is the change in the sales site. What will the ice cream man?


The solutions

The cartel
The ice cream man speak off each other and confess to each other in each half of the beach as their catchment area. They thus represent a cartel. The optimal location is then at the middle of the catchment area, thereby avoiding the customers the shortest way to "their" ice cream truck have. The best solution for everyone!



Optimal locations of the ice cream vendor in a cartel with no real
competition between the ice cream man (Source: Wikipedia changed)


Free competition
now chooses an ice cream vendor (E1) to keep no more of the agreement, so he breaks the cartel. He moved his ice cream truck to win something for the middle of the beach promenade back and hopes to new customers from the existing catchment area of the other ice cream man (E2). Because for some of the recent clients are the ways of E2 to E1 so now shorter. The ice cream vendor E2 can not let go and move his ice cream truck now also points to the center. The catchment areas are again equal, but has anything changed for the customer. For customers at the edges of the beach the way have become longer, the Customers in the beach center forward on the other hand, the shorter route to the ice.
The two ice cream vendors to continue your game on site. One brings something to the middle, but gains only a short-term advantage, because the others are also moving to the center in order not to fall behind. Finally, the two ice cream vendors are directly opposite in the middle of the beach promenade, and there is no possibility for a meaningful "turn". For customers, but overall the situation has become much worse, because the average distance to the ice for most of them have become longer, and the guests that their beach chairs at the edges of the beach will have to do without perhaps fully on their ice. In such a case, the fall turnover of the two ice cream vendors E1 and E2, which lose too.
So it looks really so, as if the free competition, the invisible hand can be effective, the customer that are here for the common good, a bad disservice.
But the Invisible Hand has played out in reality not all the stockings, because the dissatisfied customers, especially at the edges of the beach, open for new competitors (E3, E4) promising market prospects than before. Since the two ice cream vendors E1 and E2, which previously controlled the market have hiked in the middle is enough room for the competition there.


Unfavorable locations of the two ice cream vendors under free competition,
but it opens up market opportunities for other competitors
(Source: modified Wikipedia ,)

not order to lose large portions of their current catchment areas, must E1 and E2, re-orient toward the edges of the beach, clear the middle of the beach promenade so again. In the end, a uniform distribution of the ice cream man is on the whole beach promenade. The paths of their customers are now shorter than ever ice. The invisible hand has it in the end still made it.!


The conditions

The Eisverkäuferproblem but makes one thing clear. The invisible hand can work properly only in a truly free market. Without a free market entry for new competitors, it would have stayed with the bad solution for most customers, since the two ice cream vendors would then be left in the middle of the beach promenade. Just the always existing possibility that the emergence of new competitors would have likely prevented the two ice cream vendors all the way to the center of the beach promenade advance. Because they had to take on the many disgruntled customers at the outer edge of their respective catchment area into account.
is important but also a sufficient size of the market, otherwise take a market entry for new suppliers to no case, there simply are not enough customers. This is also an argument for free trade between nations
because tariffs or other trade barriers inevitably reduce the size of the markets.

Hedda Heuer
Jens Christian Heuer


Literature:

Wikipedia
( http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisverk% C3% A4ufer-on-beach problem )

Laura Mercier Non Comedogenic

climate change policy

4th March 2007
air travel due to climate change undesirable
As part of the debate about a very possible human-induced climate change, a dangerous warming of the earth through the greenhouse gas CO2 (carbon dioxide) bring with it should come now, air travel by Germans in the criticism. particular, the low cost flights for all, such as those of Ryan Air ( http://www.ryanair.com/site/DE/ be offered) are some air defenders because of their CO2 emissions, a thorn in the side. Sylt instead of Seychelles, Bayern instead Bahamas lauet then the Parole (Bild am Sonntag, edition of 04.03.2007). The deputy leader of the SPD parliamentary group, Ulrich Kelber: ". To live without air travel, is a good private contribution to climate protection vacation in Germany or in neighboring countries is very nice and you come across well with the train to your destination.." Similarly, the Bavarian Environment Minister Werner Schnappauf (CSU):.. "We need a change in lifestyle of this is that we learn to appreciate quality again from close So ride along better times on Main, as a long-distance with the Aircraft make. This one brings you closer to home, saving many tonnes of CO2. "Said Manfred Stock from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research ( http://www.pik-potsdam.de/ ):" If you want to do something for the climate protection should travel by air . and avoid making holidays in Germany "The calls Greenpeace director Brigitte Behrens even a ban on cheap flights: cheap flights at dumping prices should be banned"



the island. Sylt instead of Seychelles, or maybe both?

As we hear it again, the word that has recently been so come into fashion: a ban to her. Following the ban of smoking in public, then the ban on cheap flights. Even if this time it should not come to an outright ban, such a requirement already high tax on aviation fuel would amount to almost the same. Air travel would be substantially more expensive and again become a privilege of the rich. So once again to the personal liberty of people will be restricted by the state. Why? To reduce the CO2 emissions of greenhouse gases are certain restrictions necessary, they say. Let's look at the matter again in more detail:
The growing amount of greenhouse gas CO2 in the atmosphere is made primarily responsible for the increasing global warming. It is man to his guilt. But there are also natural sources of CO2. In addition to volcanism include the exhaled air of humans and animals. The plants also breathe, but also operate in photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates in the greenhouse gas CO2 and O2 consumed, the vital oxygen is produced. Furthermore, it would be on Earth without CO2 far too cold. As you can see is that CO2 could therefore very useful for us, because without that gas plants do not grow, we would then no oxygen to breathe and accessible temperatures well below zero.
The importance of human- CO2 from manmade sources (industry, power plants, road and air transport, agriculture) will appear based on the global greenhouse effect, extremely low. It accounts for only 1.2%. And of those 1.2%, the proportion of Federal Republic of Germany at 0.04% (source: see below). But these figures may be misleading, because man is by the use of fossil fuels in a few decades of CO2, which was previously pulled in millions of years (!) By the nature of the traffic. But since only half of them by different natural processes, such as weathering of rocks is re-tied, accumulates the additional CO2 released by humans in Over time in the atmosphere. Many small excesses of CO2 could in time result in quite large quantities. This way, CO2 is not the only greenhouse gas. Water vapor (H2O) and methane (CH4) even hold back a lot more heat. Initially only a slight additional warming caused by CO2 always leads to increased evaporation of water. This could also be a beginning only a small greenhouse effect by little additional CO2 increased dramatically.
But there are fundamental criticisms of the warnings of climate change from greenhouse gases by humans. The sun will then play a much bigger role in climate variability as all greenhouse gases together, say the "climate skeptics"
( http://weltenwetter.blogspot.com/2007_02_01_archive.html ). This assertion is, however, by climate scientists, who warn of global warming, in turn, objected vehemently ( http://www.pik-potsdam.de/ ~ stefan / Publications / Other / flottekurven.pdf ).
right now who has, can not be answered exhaustively here. But even if in the end proves to be truly man, through his greenhouse climate unfavorable changes ( http://www.pik-potsdam.de/ ~ stefan/Publications/Other/rahmstorf_neu_2004.pdf and http: / / www.pik-potsdam.de/ ~ stefan / Publications / Other / klimawandel_fact_sheet.pdf ), I think it is necessarily the better way, the threat of the promotion of technical innovations such as solar energy, fuel cells, hydrogen economy to address, etc., rather than with new bans the personal freedoms of people, including just heard the real, existing freedom of travel, more and to cut more.
The political and economic consequences of the required reduction of long-distance travel would also be fatal. Tourism is for many countries, especially in the so-called Third World, a crucial source of income and ensures the existence of many people there and even some already one, albeit modest, but growing prosperity. Tourism is these countries to export items with which they in turn earn the money to them for key commodities such as by us (!) to buy, to import so. This then brings in jobs such as machinery and equipment or the auto industry. Through this trade will benefit both countries, which involve Daduchus better than without this trade. One limitation of tourism to foreign countries would like a trade boycott, would thus be a hostile act against these countries and would enable all stakeholders, including and especially hurt us, just. The remote tourism All is a great cultural achievement, because it has also brought new experiences, expand their horizons and has, as well as free trade, the nations of the world closer. The growth of air traffic at ever lower prices, made sure the invisible hand of the market-it was the decisive pacemaker.
Germany is a beautiful holiday destination, as well as many others, but the one does not come from the other. Hopefully we will resist all attempts by questionable arguments our country and other countries off against each other, because that would harm us and for others.

Jens Christian Heuer

Sources:

Bild am Sonntag, edition of 04.03.2007

Spiegel online (. http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/0, 1518,469742,00 html )

The greenhouse effect from a chemical point of view
( http: / / www.chemie-im-alltag.de/articles/0024/index.html )

http://www.solarkritik.de/ ( http://www.solarresearch.org/ 1478062.htm )

Our climate is made in space - Acquittal of CO2?
Paper presented at: Astronomical Association Elbe-Weser, 6 February 2007
by Klaus-Eckart pulse, meteorologist
( http://loewen-apotheke-bederkesa.blogspot.com/2007_02_01_archive.html )

(as amended)